Eryngium foetidum reported as a new host of Meloidogyne enterolobii in the state of Pará, in the eastern Amazon region, Brazil.

Amazon chicory (Eryngium foetidum L. [Apiaceae]), also known as culantro, is native to Tropical America and the West Indies. It belongs to the unconventional food plants (UFPs) group, and in addition to be consumed as a spice herb, it possesses a wide range of ethnomedicinal uses (Paul et al. 2011). In 2019, in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil, state of Pará, producers of E. foetidum in the municipality of Castanhal (01°15'363" S 047°10'232" W) reported the occurrence of underdeveloped plants with leaf yellowing and a large number of galls in the root system, which are typical symptoms of root-knotting nematode. Soil and root samples were collected and sent to the Nematology Laboratory (LabNema) located at the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 46 second-stage juveniles (J2s) were extracted per 100 cm3 of soil, and a total of 460 eggs and J2s Meloidogyne spp. were found per gram of root. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to identify the species. The analysis of the perineal patter of ten females revealed thin striations in an oval shape with a high and semi-trapezoidal dorsal arch. No striations were observed in the perivulvar region. The labial region of the ten males analyzed exhibited a non-prominent labial disc, fused and slightly recessed submedian lips, with no apparent annulations. The morphological characteristics observed in the adults were consistent with those originally described for Meloidogyne enterolobii (Yang; Eisenback, 1983), confirming the species purity of the recovered population. Three individual nematodes had their 18S rDNA region sequenced (Holterman et al. 2006) which showed an average identity of 99.7% with other sequences of M. enterolobii available in the GenBank database. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed, providing insights into the specific relationship of M. enterolobii recovered from E. foetidum with other related nematodes. Each of the three sequenced nematodes represented a unique haplotype, resulting in their separation into distinct clades. Moreover, the obtained sequences presented polymorphisms that differed from the M. enterolobii sequences already available in the database, highlighting the genetic diversity of this species in relation to its original host (Silva et al. 2021). The species M. enterolobii was also confirmed using species-specific primers for M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. enterolobii (Zijlstra et al. 2000; Tigano et al. 2010). To confirm the pathogenicity of M. enterolobii on E. foetidum, a modified Koch Postulate was conducted. Six seedlings of E. foetidum were transplanted individually to 10-liter pots containing autoclaved soil. Each pot was then inoculated with 5 mL of a suspension containing 3,000 eggs and J2s from the original population of M. enterolobii obtained from E. foetidum. After 90 days, the inoculated plants exhibited root galls with a plentiful egg mass, in contrast to the healthy non-inoculated plants. The average number of M. enterolobii nematodes recovered from the roots of the inoculated plants was 42,040 eggs and J2s, resulting in a reproduction factor (RF) of 14.0. The importance of reporting the occurrence of M. enterolobii in E. foetidum is due to the fact that this plant species is cultivated in a crop rotation system with other vegetables such as lettuce and coriander, which are also hosts of M. enterolobii. Consequently, different crop rotation strategies and control alternatives need to be considered in areas where E. foetidum is grown. This is the first report of E. foetidum serving as a host for the root-knot nematode M. enterolobii worldwide.

First report of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javaniva, infecting Stachys byzantina on São Paulo, Brazil.

Stachys byzantina belongs to the Labiatae and is known by the names "peixinho-da-horta" (Brazil) and "lamb's ear" (USA). Its importance is associated with its medicinal properties (Bahadori et al. 2020) and nutritional aspects (Milião et al. 2022). Root-knot nematodes cause severe damage to plants and suppress production. In January 2021, plants of S. byzantina in the municipality of Jaboticabal (21°14'38.7"S, 48°17'10.6"W) showed symptoms of reduced growth, yellowed leaves and the presence of galls in the roots. Initially, samples of roots from a S. byzantina were analyzed at the Nematology Laboratory (LabNema/UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil, estimating 20,000 eggs and juveniles of Meloidogyne sp. in 10 g of roots. To confirm the host ability of the species, a pathogenicity test was performed using Koch's postulate. For this purpose, the test was conducted in a greenhouse where 3,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) were inoculated onto three plants (n=3) of S. byzantina. After 90 days, the inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as those observed in the field. No symptom or nematode was detected in the uninoculated plant (control). Nematodes were extracted from the roots of inoculated plants and quantified. The perineal pattern of females (n=10) (Netscher and Taylor, 1974) and the labial region of males (n=10) (Eisenback and Hirschmann, 1981) were analyzed and compared with the morphological characteristics of the original description of the species (Chitwood, 1949). For analysis based on esterase isozyme phenotype, the α-method of Esbenshade and Triantaphyllou (1990) was used, and females (n=7) were examined. To confirm identification, whole genomic DNA from an adult female (n=1) was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit and this sample was used for both genetic sequencing and the sequence-characterized amplified region techniques (SCAR). PCR amplifications were performed for the 18s rRNA gene using primers 988F and 1912R from Holterman et al (2006). Our sequence was deposited in GenBank (NCBI) under the identifier OP422209. Finally, species-specific SCAR primers (Fjav/Rjav, Me-F/Me-R, and Finc-F/Finc-R) designed by Zijlstra (2000) were used to identify Meloidogyne spp. Koch's postulate analysis yielded the following results: (n=1) 9,280 eggs and J2 (Reproduction factor, RF = 33.09); (n=2) 111,720 eggs and J2 (RF = 37.24); (n=3) 59,700 eggs and J2 (RF = 19.9) (RF mean = 30.08). The following characteristics were observed in the perineal region of females: Low and rounded trapezoidal dorsal arch with two distinct lateral lines clearly separating the dorsal and ventral arch regions, similar to the morphological features of the species description by Chitwood (1949). Males had a convex labial plate with a non-raised labial disk joining the submedial labia, a non-rugged labial region, the basal tubercles were usually wider than high, and a rounded tail tip (Eisenback and Hirschmann 1981). The α-esterase enzyme profile showed the J3 phenotype typical of M. javanica (Rm [×100] = 46.0, 54.5, and 58.9). The 18s rRNA sequences grouped Meloidogyne sp. with species such as M. enterolobii, M. incognita, and M. javanica. A DNA fragment of about 700 bp was amplified with Mj (Fjav/Rjav) primers, but not with Me (Me-F/Me-R) and Mi (Finc-F/Finc-R) primers, which confirmed the identification of M. javanica. Accurate identification and characterization of the occurrence of new hosts of M. javanica will allow us to determine the range and geographic distribution of the species. This is the first report on the occurrence of M. javanica on S. byzantina in Brazil. This report is important so that management strategies can be applied to prevent the spread of the pest to other areas.

First Report of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, Infecting Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, in State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) belongs to the Polygonaceae family and has been widely cultivated due to its high nutritional, nutraceutical, and medicinal properties. Brazil ranks seventh-largest producer, with 66,000 tons produced in 2018. Buckwheat is also valued for its adaptability as a cover crop, in grain fields of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., maize (Zea mays L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) (Görgen et al. 2016, Babu et al. 2018) especially in fields highly infested with plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). PPN cause severe root damage, suppressing plant development and yield production. In October 2018, six samples of roots and soil were collected in symptomatic patches of buckwheat, in Guaíra SP (20° 19' 32"S 48° 13' 15.4"W). Samples were analyzed in the Nematology Laboratory (LabNema), UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, BR. Plants presented symptoms of yellow leaves and galled and volume-reduced roots. Meloidogyne sp. was found, comprising 6,320 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s) from 10 g of root and 1,628 J2s in 100 cm³ of soil. Adult morphological characteristics, isoenzyme phenotype of esterase, and molecular analysis were performed to identify the Meloidogyne species. The perineal patterns presented high and trapezoidal dorsal arch (n=15), and the males showed a trapezoidal labial region, including a high head cap formed by a large round labial disc that is raised above the medial lips and centrally concave (n=15) (Eisenback and Hirscmann 1981). These characteristics are typical in Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1912) Chitwood, 1949 (Nascimento et al., 2020; Eisenback and Hirschmann 1981; Netscher and Taylor 1974). The enzymatic phenotype was performed with females (n=8), and the phenotype I1 was verified, described by Esbenshade and Triantaphyllou (1985) as typical for M. incognita. To confirm the species DNA samples were extracted from individual females (n=6) and PCR with specific primers for M. incognita (Mi-F 5'- GTGAGGATTCAGCTCCCCAG-3' and Mi-R 5'-ACGAGGAA CATACTTCTCCGTCC-3') and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood 1949 (Fjav 5'-GGTGCGCGATTGAACTGAGC-3' and Rjav 5'-CAG GCCCTTCAGTGGAACTATAC-3') that amplify SCAR markers described by Meng et al. (2004) and Zijlstra et al. (2000), respectively, and specific primers for M. enterolobii Yang & Eisenback 1983 that amplify rDNA-IGS2 region (Me-F 5'-AACTTTTG TGAAAGTGCCGCTG-3' and Me-R 5'-TCAGTTCAGGCAGG ATCAACC-3') described by Long et al. (2006) were tested. A fragment of 955 pb DNA size was amplified in Mi-F/R primer, which confirmed the M. incognita identification (Meng et. al., 2004). The original population was used to execute pathogenicity test. In a greenhouse, single buckwheat seeds (cv. IPR 91 Baili) were sown in six 5L pots filled with autoclaved-soil and inoculated with 3,000 eggs and J2s per pot (n=6) and control (n=6). After 60 days, the nematodes were extracted from roots and the M. incognita was confirmed. An average of 15,738 eggs and J2s were recovered, (reproductive factor = 5.24), which confirmed buckwheat as a host to M. incognita. The inoculated plants showed symptoms as those observed in the field. No symptom or nematode was noted on the control. Meloidogyne incognita has been reported causing high damage to the F. esculentum in California (Gardner and Caswell-Chen 1994) plus several crops in Brazil (Nascimento et al., 2020). However, this is the first report of this nematode infecting buckwheat in Brazil. Given the importance of buckwheat in Brazil, with extensive use as forage, cover crop, and its nutritional properties, this report is essential to specific management measures are adopted to avoid further losses.

First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Infecting Sweetpotato in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

The sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L., Convolvulaceae family) originated in Latin America and is currently cultivated worldwide. The storage roots, rich in calories, have made this crop one of the main caloric sources for low-income populations, especially in developing countries. Brazil annually produces about 805,000 tons, with the Northeast region responsible for 34% of this production (Albuquerque et al. 2020). In October 2019, sweetpotato plants cv. Campina, from a field in the region of Touros, state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil (5°12'31"S 35°34'42"W), presented deformed storage roots, with galls, typical of root-knot nematodes. The roots were sent to the Nematology Laboratory (LabNema) where 14,032 eggs and 3,312 second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne sp., in 10 g of roots, were recovered. The species of adults was identified through morphological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analysis. The perineal region of females (n = 10) presented an oval shape, with a high and semi-trapezoidal dorsal arch and streak-free perivulval region. The labial region of males (n=10) presented high and rounded head cap, labial region slightly set off from the body, without annulations. The morphological characters were compatible with the original description of Meloidogyne enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback 1983). The phenotype of esterase isoenzymes showed two major bands (VS1-S1) also characteristic of M. enterolobii (Esbenshade and Triantaphyllou 1985). Sequences of 18S rDNA (~1200bp) of individual females (Holterman et al. 2006) obtained from sweetpotatoes before (SPme1 and 2) and after inoculation (SPme3 and 6), and from guava, used as M. enterolobii species control, were submitted to Bayesian analysis. The sequences presented genetic diversity among them resulting from seven SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and 99.4 to 99.9% identity with M. enterolobii sequences deposited in the NCBI GenBank (accession numbers MW209034-MW209039). The pathogenicity test was carried out under greenhouse conditions, in which 3,000 eggs and J2s from the original population isolated of M. enterolobii were inoculated in sweetpotato seedlings cv. Campina (n = 6). After three months, the roots presented galls and deformations typical of root-knot nematodes, while non-inoculated plants did not present any symptoms. An average of 15,900 eggs and J2s of M. enterolobii (RF = 5.3) were recovered from the roots, proving that sweetpotatoes were a host of this species. Meloidogyne enterolobii is known to cause great damage to sweetpotato (Ye et al. 2020). In Brazil, Meloidogyne nematode had been reported once, isolated from a sweetpotato field in the Ceara state and the species suggested by the authors according to esterase electrophoresis was M. enterolobii. Nonetheless, the authors did not present taxonomic, isoenzyme phenotypes and molecular species identification integratively, nor included pathogenicity tests (Silva et al. 2016). Therefore, it is the first time that M. enterolobii, with reliable identification by different methods, including sequencing, was detected in commercial sweetpotato fields in the RN state and in Brazil. The local farmers reported that this nematode deforms the storage roots which make them useless for commercialization, resulting in minimal losses of 50% of production in the infested areas. Furthermore, as sweetpotatoes are vegetatively propagated, the spread of this nematode through planting material is favored. Considering the importance of this crop in Brazil, this report is essential for control measures of this pathogen to be taken in order to avoid its spread to other regions.

Immunity of sugarcane cultivars to Meloidogyne enterolobii / Imunidade de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar a Meloidogyne enterolobii

Brazil is currently the world's largest producer and exporter of sugarcane, and the crop has high socioeconomic importance in the country. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the major limiting factors in sugarcane production. These plant parasites have wide geographic distribution, high damage potential, and are difficult to control. Recently, the species Meloidogyne enterolobii was identified in sugarcane crops in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Given the importance of genetic resistance for integrated nematode management and the lack of research on the M. enterolobii­sugarcane pathosystem, this study aimed to assess the response of sugarcane cultivars to M. enterolobii. Thirteen cultivars were evaluated for their resistance to M. enterolobii based on the nematode reproduction factor. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with 14 replicates. Pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings were transplanted to 5 L pots, and each pot was considered an experimental unit. At 15 days after transplanting, the seedlings were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. enterolobii. Tomato and okra plants were also inoculated to test the viability of the inoculum. At 240 days after inoculation, plant roots were processed and evaluated for nematode number. This parameter was used to calculate the nematode reproduction factor on each cultivar. All sugarcane cultivars were found to be immune to M. enterolobii, with a reproduction factor of 0.

O Brasil é atualmente o maior produtor e exportador mundial de cana-de-açúcar, tendo a cultura grande impacto socioeconômico no país. Dentre os diversos fatores que podem afetar sua produção se destacam os nematoides de galha (Meloidogyne spp.), por apresentarem ampla distribuição geográfica, alto potencial danoso e difícil controle. Recentemente a espécie Meloidogyne enterolobii foi identificada parasitando a cultura da cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco. Dada à importância da resistência genética no manejo integrado de fitonematoides e a falta de trabalhos envolvendo o estudo desta espécie na cultura, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar a M. enterolobii. Foram avaliadas 13 cultivares quanto a sua resistência a esta espécie com base no fator de reprodução do nematoide. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 14 repetições, e mantido em casa de vegetação. Foram utilizadas mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar, transplantadas para vasos de 5L, sendo cada vaso considerado uma unidade experimental. Cada unidade experimental foi inoculada com 5.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio de M. enterolobii 15 dias após os transplantio. Plantas de tomateiro e quiabeiro também foram inoculadas para atestar a viabilidade do inoculo utilizado no experimento. Decorridos 240 dias da inoculação as raízes foram processadas para obtenção da população final e cálculo do fator de reprodução do nematoide de cada tratamento. Todas as cultivares de cana-de-açúcar avaliadas foram resistentes/imunes à M, enterolobii, apresentando fator de reprodução igual a zero.

First Report of Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Stachys byzantina in Brazil.

Stachys byzantina C. Koch (Lamiaceae alt. Labiatae), commonly known as lamb's ear, is an important medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, antispasmodic, sedative and diuretic properties (Asnaashari et al. 2010). This plant is widely consumed in Europe and Asia as aromatic teas. In Brazil, it is an unconventional food plant, nonetheless, its medicinal properties have been recognized as well as its production. In May 2019, in a Sao Paulo State municipality, Jaboticabal, (21°14'38.7"S 48°17'10.6"W), S. byzantina plants presented reduced growth and chlorotic leaves associated with root galls. In the phytopathological clinic, 7,983 eggs and juveniles of Meloidogyne sp. were counted in 10 g of the plant roots. In 100 cm³ of soil surrounding the plant, 532 second-stage Meloidogyne sp. juveniles (J2) were found. Morphological, enzymatic and molecular identification of the nematode species found were performed (Fig. S1). For morphological analysis, perineal pattern of females (n = 10) and labial region of males (n = 10) were analyzed. In the perineal region of females, a high and trapezoidal dorsal arch with thick striations was observed, whereas the males presented the trapezoidal labial region with the prominent labial disc in relation to the sub-median lips and transverse streaks in the head region, typical characteristics of M. incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood 1949. (Netscher and Taylor 1974; Eisenback and Hirschmann 1981). The esterase enzyme profile, obtained individually from 8 females, was compatible with phenotype I1 [Rm (x100) = 46.25], also associated with M. incognita (Esbenshade and Triantaphyllou 1985). Molecular analysis was realized (n = 3) by applying the primers Finc/Rinc (Zijlstra et al. 2000) in the DNA of individual females, which resulted in the amplification of an amplicon of 1200 bp specific for M. incognita. Pathogenicity testing was conducted in a greenhouse by inoculation of 5,000 eggs and juveniles from the original population into S. byzantina seedlings (n = 4). After 90 days, the inoculated plants, unlike the non-inoculated ones, exhibited symptoms similar to those initially observed in the field. The nematodes were extracted from the roots of the inoculated plants, quantified, and the identity of M. incognita was confirmed. The average reproductive factor obtained was 136.6, confirming the pathogenicity of M. incognita to S. byzantina. Thus, this is the first report of M. incognita associated with S. byzantina in Brazil and in the world. Lamb's ear is a horticultural plant, and its high reproductive factor to M. incognita can also result in damage to the subsequent crops. In addition, Lamb's ear is propagated vegetatively and this favors the spread of nematodes to other areas. This new report is important in order to alert producers to realize the proper management of this nematode in S. byzantina.

Crotalaria and millet as alternative controls of root-knot nematodes infecting okra / Crotalária e milheto como controles alternativos de nematóides das galhas infectando quiabo

The relationship of crops grown in rotation or in succession has increased every day and the use of antagonistic plants and/or non-host plants is one of the most efficient practices of integrated management of nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth) and millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke] 'ADR 300' in reducing the population of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica and in increasing the productivity of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] when cultivated in succession. The experiment was conducted in an area cultivating okra (host culture) in rotation, with a history of severe infestation by phytonematodes. The experimental design involved randomized blocks with six treatments and four replicates, with the following treatments: T1, 15 kg.ha-1 of millet seeds; T2, 30 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T3, 10 kg.ha-1 of millet + 20 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T4, 20 kg.ha-1 of millet + 6 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T5, 6 kg.ha-1 of millet + 36 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; and T6, control. The nematode populations in the soil and roots were evaluated about 60 d after planting okra, and the yield was evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. Simple treatment with millet or crotalaria reduced the nematode population by 61% and 72%, respectively. The millet-crotalaria intercropping treatments reduced the nematode population by up to 85% compared with the control. In terms of productivity, there was an increase of 787 kg.ha-1 in the millet treatment and 2,109 kg.ha-1 in the intercropping treatments. Both the single cultivation of crotalaria or millet and the consortia of crotalaria and millet were effective in controlling the root-knot nematodes, and increased the productivity of okra.

A relação de culturas cultivadas em rotação ou em sucessão tem aumentado a cada dia, e a utilização de plantas antagônicas e/ou plantas não hospedeiras é uma das práticas mais eficientes de manejo integrado de nematoides. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do cultivo de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) e milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke] 'ADR 300' no incremento de produtividade e redução populacional de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica em quiabeiro [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cultivado em sucessão. O experimento foi conduzido em área de rotação com quiabeiro (cultura hospedeira), que tem histórico de grande infestação dos referidos fitonematoides. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo T1 ₌ 15 kg.ha-1 de sementes de milheto, T2 ₌ 30 kg.ha-1 de crotalária, T3 ₌ 10 kg.ha-1 de milheto + 20 kg.ha-1 de crotalária, T4 ₌ 20 kg.ha-1 de milheto + 6 kg.ha-1 de crotalária, T5 ₌ 6 kg.ha-1 de milheto + 36 kg.ha-1 de crotalária e T6 ₌ Testemunha. Foram avaliadas as populações de nematoides no solo e nas raízes cerca de 60 dias após o plantio do quiabeiro e a produtividade ao final do cultivo. Os tratamentos milheto e crotalária solteiros reduziram a população de nematoides em 61 e 72%, respectivamente. Nos cultivos consorciados, obteve-se a redução de 85%, comparado com a testemunha. Quanto a produtividade, houve acréscimo de 787 kg.ha-1 no tratamento com milheto solteiro e de 2.109 kg.ha-1 nos tratamentos consorciados. Tanto o cultivo solteiro de crotalária e milheto, quanto seu uso em consórcio, efetivaram o controle dos nematoides de ganha e elevaram a produtividade do quiabeiro.

Host status of crispy-leaf lettuce cultivars to root-knot nematodes / Reação de cultivares de alface do grupo crespa aos nematoides de galhas

Lettuce is the main leafy vegetable grown in the world, being the crispy-leaf lettuce type predominant. With consecutive cultivation in the same area, several factors may impair yield, highlighting the damage caused by root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. This study aimed at evaluating the reaction of twenty crispy-leaf lettuce cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii. Three experiments were conducted, one for each nematode species. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in pots with sterilized substrate. The design was completely randomized with five replications. Seedlings were inoculated with 1.000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of nematode per pot, on the day of transplantation of seedlings. The tomato 'Rutgers' was used as inoculum viability control for each specie tested. The variables evaluated were: reproduction factor (FR), total number of eggs and second-stage juveniles (NTOJ) and number of eggs and second-stage juveniles per gram of root (NOJGR), 60 days after inoculation. The results showed that the cultivars Veronica, Grand Rapids and Crespa para Verão are resistant to the three nematode species. The cultivars Thaís, SRV 2005 and Marisa are resistant to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica. The cultivar Black Seed Simpson is resistant to M. enterolobii. The cultivars Vanda and Mônica SF 31 are resistant to M. incognita race 3. The cultivars Crespa, Rubia, Cinderela and Veneranda are resistant to M. javanica.

A alface é a principal hortaliça folhosa cultivada no mundo, sendo o tipo crespa mais comercializada. Com o cultivo consecutivo na mesma área, vários fatores podem prejudicar a produtividade, se destacando os danos causados pelos nematoides de galha, Meloidogyne spp. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar vinte cultivares de alface, do grupo crespa, quanto a reação à Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii. Foram realizados três ensaios, um para cada espécie de nematoide. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em vaso com substrato autoclavado. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As plantas foram inoculadas com 1.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estágio do nematoide, no dia do transplantio das cultivares. O tomateiro 'Rutgers' foi utilizado como padrão de viabilidade do inóculo de cada espécie de nematoide. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número total de ovos e juvenis do segundo estádio (NTOJ), fator de reprodução (FR) e número de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio por grama de raízes (NOJGR) avaliadas 60 dias após a inoculação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as cultivares Verônica, Grand Rapids e Crespa para Verão foram resistentes as espécies M. enterolobii, M. incognita, M. javanica. As cultivares Thaís, SRV 2005 e Marisa foram resistentes as espécies M. incognita e M. javanica. A cultivar Black Seed Simpson foi resistente à M. enterolobii. Vanda e Mônica SF 31 foram resistentes à M. incognita. As cultivares Crespa, Rubia, Cinderela e Veneranda foram resistentes à M. javanica.

Identifying resistance to root-knot nematodes in Capsicum genotypes / Identificação de genótipos de Capsicum resistentes a nematoides de galha

The present study aimed to evaluate Capsicum accessions for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne enterolobii. Two experiments with different genotypes of hot and sweet peppers were carried out in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was conducted in a 31 x 3 factorial scheme with 27 genotypes of Capsicum annuum, two cultivars of hot pepper, one line of Capsicum frutescens and tomato 'Santa Cruz Kada', and three species of nematodes (M. incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii). In the second experiment, we used a factorial scheme 39 x 3 with 36 accessions of C. annuum, two hot pepper cultivars and the 'Santa Cruz Kada' tomato and three nematodes species mentioned earlier. The total number of eggs and second-stage juveniles (TNEJ), number of eggs and second-stage juveniles per gram of root (NEJGR), reproduction index (RI) and reproduction factor (RF) were evaluated. Based on RI and RF, the genotypes CNPH 185, CNPH 187 and CNPH 680 were resistant and very resistant to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica, simultaneously. The C. frutescens line presented resistance to the three root-knot nematode species.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar acessos de Capsicum quanto à resistência a Meloidogyne incognita raça 3, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com diferentes genótipos de pimentas e pimentões, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sendo o primeiro em esquema fatorial 31 x 3 com 27 genótipos de Capsicum annuum, duas cultivares de pimenta, uma linhagem de Capsicum frutescens, o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada' e três espécies de nematoides (M. incognita raça 3, M. javanica e M. enterolobii). No segundo experimento foi utilizado esquema fatorial 39 x 3 com 36 acessos de C. annuum, duas cultivares de pimenta, o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada' e três espécies de nematoides mencionadas anteriormente. Avaliou-se o número total de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (NTOJ), número de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio por grama de raízes (NOJGR), índice de reprodução (IR) e fator de reprodução (FR). Com base no FR e IR os genótipos CNPH 185, CNPH 187 e CNPH 680 foram resistentes e muito resistentes a M. incognita raça 3 e M. javanica, simultaneamente. A linhagem de C. frutescens apresentou resistência às três espécies de nematoides de galha.

Genetic parameters of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in melon / Parâmetros genéticos da resistência a Meloidogyne incognita em meloeiro

ABSTRACT: In order to assess the genetic control of resistance in the melon ‘Gaúcho Redondo’ to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three blocks and six treatments using the parental lines ‘Gaúcho Redondo’ (P1 resistant) and JAB 20 (P2 susceptible), as well as F1, F2, and backcross generations (RC1P1 and RC1P2). Seventy days after inoculation, individual plants were evaluated for resistance using the nematode reproduction factor (RF). The hypothesis of monogenic inheritance was rejected by the chi-square test (χ2), and results indicated that resistance is controlled by more than one gene locus, as confirmed by the quantitative analysis that revealed the presence of six genes.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de avaliar o controle genético da resistência do melão ‘Gaúcho Redondo’ ao nematoide de galha Meloidogyne incognita, foi conduzido um experimento em blocos casualizados com três blocos e seis tratamentos, os quais envolveram as linhas parentais ‘Gaúcho Redondo’ (P1, resistente) e JAB 20 (P2, suscetível), assim como as gerações F1, F2, e retrocruzamentos (RC1P1 e RC1P2). Avaliaram-se plantas individuais após 70 dias da inoculação com o patógeno, por meio do fator de reprodução do nematoide (FR). A hipótese de herança monogênica foi rejeitada pelo teste do qui-quadrado (χ2), indicando que a resistência está sob controle de mais de um loci gênico, sendo confirmado pela análise quantitativa, que evidenciou a presença de seis genes.

Estabelecimento de fungos nematófagos aplicados no campo para o controle dos nematoides-chaves dos citros no Brasil / Survival of nematophagous fungi establishment of applied in the field for the control of key citrus nematodes in Brazil

O monitoramento da sobrevivência de fungos nematófagos se torna necessária para estabelecer períodos de reaplicação de formulações de fungos nematófagos para controle dos nematoides dos citros a campo. Foram monitoradas a sobrevivência dos fungos: Arthrobotrys robusta, A. oligospora, A. musiformis, Dactylella leptospora e Monacrosporium eudermatum nas parcelas tratadas com 1; 2; 4; 6 L da formulação dos fungos/planta ou testemunha sem aplicação, durante o período de nove meses, sendo a primeira avaliação 6 meses após a aplicação e as demais com intervalos de três meses após a primeira avaliação. O fungo D. leptospora foi encontrado somente na avaliação de 6 meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos, indicado um tempo de sobrevivência curto no solo. Contudo, os isolados A. robusta, A. musiformis e A. oligospora foram recuperados em todas as avaliações e principalmente nas parcelas tratadas com as maiores doses da formulação e na testemunha. Monacrosporium eudermatum foi recuperado em todos os períodos avaliados e inclusive na avaliação da parcela testemunha nove meses após a aplicação. O fato da presença das espécies de Arthrobotrys e M. eudermatum nas parcelas testemunhas indica que já eram espécies nativas desse pomar

Monitoring the survival of nematophagous fungi is needed to establish periods of reapplication of formulations of nematophagous fungi to control the citrus nematode in the field. We monitored the survival of fungi: Arthrobotrys robusta, A. oligospora, A. musiformis Dactylella leptospora and Monacrosporium eudermatum in plots treated with 1, 2, 4, 6 liters of the formulation of fungi/plant or witness without the application, during the period of nine months with the first assessment six months after application and the other with intervals of three months after the first evaluation. The fungus D. leptospora was found only in the evaluation of 6 months after treatment application, indicated a short survival time in the soil. However, the isolated A. robusta, A. musiformis and A. oligospora were recovered in all evaluations and especially in plots treated with higher doses of the formulation and witness. Monacrosporium eudermatum was recovered in all experimental periods and even in assessing the witness portion of nine months after application. The fact of the presence of species of Arthrobotrys and M. eudermatum in control plots indicates that native species that were already orchard.